After summarizing language laws implemented during Canada's first one hundred years,Joy  argues that four interrelated trends have increased the segregation of Canada's two main linguistic groups: assimilation, domestic migration, international migration, and declining birthrates. First, cultural assimilation has created increasingly homogenous linguistic regions in Canada. In the nineteenth century, there were significant Francophone populations outside Quebec in Western Canada (for example, the Metis) and the Maritimes (for example, the Acadians). In Quebec, there were significant Anglophone populations in Montreal, the Ottawa Valley, and in the Eastern Townships. Over time, however, linguistic minorities have been assimilated because the offspring of linguistic minorities have absorbed into the dominant culture of their region. Too few Quebecois have migrated to replenish Francophone communities in the rest of Canada. Similarly, there have not been enough Anglophones migrating into Quebec. Without replenishment, a minority community cannot sustain itself. The second problem occurs due to migration within Canada. The Anglophone population in Quebec is increasingly concentrated in Montreal. Without replenishment, and with the increasing presence of French speakers among the economic and political elite, Anglophones would continue to agglomerate in Montreal or leave Quebec altogether. Related to the problem of assimilation discussed above, Francophones are less likely to venture outside Quebec, thus contributing to the decline of Francophone communities in the rest of Canada. Joy  notes that the only region outside of Quebec where French is widely spoken is in the so-called "bilingual belt" running from Moncton, New Brunswick, to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The author argues that French survives here only because this region is a contiguous cultural extension of Quebec.